Sustainable Building Sourcebook
Chapter: Health and Safety
 
Electromagnetic Fields
 
CSI Numbers: 16650 Electromagnetic Shielding
 
Introduction:
 

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) are created by electric power charges. There are two types of fields - electric fields, which result from the strength (voltage) of the charge and magnetic fields, which result from the motion (amperage) of the charge.

 
At-A-Glance Notes:
 
Technology:
The prudent avoidance strategies listed are basic approaches that reduce exposure to EMFs. More sophisticated approaches are not readily available.
 
Suppliers:
Very few consultants or technicians, but many meter suppliers
 
Cost:
These strategies are low-cost or no-cost approaches
 
Public Acceptance:
Few people are aware of EMF issues.
 
Regulatory:
None.
 
Considerations:
 

There is considerable scientific inquiry into possible health impacts from electromagnetic fields. Several studies indicate that health risks exist, but there is little agreement as to why. A study by the EPA that reviewed 50 epidemiological studies and hundreds of biological studies acknowledges that low-level electromagnetic fields may increase the risk of cancer. A variety of studies have presented clear evidence that fields can produce various hormonal changes; however, the risk of such hormonal changes has not been assessed. The studies indicated the need for more research into understanding risk components and exposure levels.

The recommended course of action at present is "prudent avoidance." This means it's a good idea to pursue no-cost or minimal-cost strategies that reduce exposure to EMFs. Major investment in these strategies is not considered "prudent" because of the lack of adequate understanding of what is or is not safe.

Electromagnetic fields diminish quite rapidly with distance from the source (the inverse cube of the distance). Thus, a primary strategy is to increase the distance between sources of EMFs and parts of the home where people spend the most time. Reducing the sources of EMFs can also be accomplished to a limited extent.

EMF sources include electrical distribution lines, common household, occupational electrical circuits, and appliances.

 
Guidelines:
 

Guidelines to reduce EMF exposure in a home

Electric meters and subpanels are powerful EMF emitters. Place these on walls of spaces where occupants spend the least time. Both sides of the wall should be in low usage areas, as EMFs are not blocked by walls. An example of a suitable location would be an outside garage wall.

Keep heater/air conditioner blowers away from high usage areas of the house.

First floor fluorescent ceiling fixtures should not be located under second floor areas of high use at floor level such as children's playrooms.

Grounding by rods into the earth near the meter eliminates EMFs emanating from water pipes.

Locate the overhead secondary service wire or the underground secondary service trench in a little-used area of the yard.

Locate the wiring in the walls, floor, and ceiling away from high use areas of the home. If practical, run wires under the roof and drop them down through the walls to reach switches and outlets.

Because of the number of appliances in a kitchen, it is an area of high EMFs. However, it is also an area of short-term exposure in most cases. Locate kitchen appliances on a wall away from high use areas that may adjoin the kitchen such as bedrooms or living rooms.

Turn off Video Display Units (VDUs) when not in use.

Limit cell phone use, and use ground line when available.

Avoid using electric bedding

Do not sleep right next to small electric motors, such as older clocks and fans. Use lower field clocks such as LED, or switch to battery-powered or mechanical wind-up clocks.

EMF Characteristics

Electric Fields

EMFs are measured in volts or kilovolts per meter for electric charges (V/m or kV/m).

Electric fields can be partly shielded by objects, particularly grounded objects.

Electric fields over 20 kV/m will cause a tingling sensation.

Magnetic Fields

Magnetic fields are measured in teslas, Gauss, and milliGauss (mG) (10,000 Gauss equals one tesla).

Magnetic fields are not affected by objects.

Magnetic fields are not felt.

Exposure Levels

Negative health effects are suspected even from very low fields .

Some studies indicate negative health risks at 3 milliGauss. Common electrical equipment such as computer display terminals and microwave ovens will emit this level of EMF at a distance of up to one foot.

The International Radiation Protection Association has issued draft exposure guidelines for power frequency electric and magnetic fields of 5 kV/m for continuous exposure to electric fields and 2 Gauss for magnetic fields .

Fields can be measured with special meters. See Resources section.

Fields decrease rapidly over distance (the inverse square of the distance).

 
Resources:
 
Professional Assistance:

The House Doctors/Environmental Health Services
Marilee Nelson
PO Box 525
Hunt, TX 78024
(512) 288-2369
Working with chemically sensitive and chronically ill to create a safe home. Certified Bau-Biologist.

EMF Interface Consulting
James Beal
P.O. Box 2112
Wimberley, Texas 78676-7012
(512) 847-0371
emeffects@aol.com
www.emfinterface.com
Information networking, writing, and lecturing about EMF effects on, and from, living systems.

Information Ventures, Inc.
42 South 15th St., Ste. 700
Philadelphia, PA 19102-2299
(215) 569-2300
www.infoventures.com/emf
Informational clearinghouse, research and consultant services for biological and health effects of EMF exposure

International Inst. for Baubiologie & Ecology
P.O. Box 387
Clearwater, FL 33757
(727) 461-4371
www.bau-biologieusa.com

Robert S. Banks Associates, Inc.
2701 University Ave. Southeast, Ste. 203
Minneapolis, MN 55414-3236
(612) 623-4600
www.rsba.com
Environmental issues management firm specializing in EMF and RF health effects

Components/Materials/Systems:

Alphalab, Inc.
1280 South 300 West
Salt Lake City, UT 84101
(800) 749-3754
www.trifield.com
EMF meters

Holaday Industries
14825 Martin Dr.
Eden Prairie, MN 55344
(612) 934-4920
www.holadayinc.com
EMF multimeters

Ion & Light
2263 Sacramento St.
San Francisco, CA 94115
(415) 346-1682
www.ionlight.com
EMF meters

Safe Technologies Corp.
1950 NE 208 Terrace
Miami, FL 33179
(800) 638-9121
www.safelevel.com
Meters

General Assistance:

California Electric and Magnetic Fields Program
1515 Clay St., 17th Floor
Oakland, CA 94612
(510) 622-4500
www.dnai.com
Research and technical assistance

Center for Disease Control
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
800-35-NIOSH
www.cdc.gov/niosh
Factsheets and reports on EMFs

National Electromagnetic Field Testing
Association
628-B Library Pl.
Evanston, IL 60201
(847) 475-3696
www.theramp.net/nefta
Professional association for EMF testing field

National Institute of Electro Medical Info.
P.O. Box 4633
Bay Terrace, NY 11360
(212) 410-8083

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
Electric and Magnetic Fields Research and Public Information Dissemination Program
P.O. Box 12233
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
(919) 541-3345
www.niehs.nih.gov
Information clearinghouse for EMF exposure measurements and issues

Publications

Dr. Granger Morgan and colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University produced the following three booklets on EMF:
Measuring Power-Frequency Fields , 1992
What Can We Conclude From Measurements of Power Frequency Fields ?, 1993
Energy and Magnetic Fields from 60 Hertz Electric Power: What Do We Know About Possible Health Risks? , 1989
For further information, contact:
Department of Engineering and Public Policy
Carnegie Mellon University
Pittsburgh, PA 15213
(412) 268-2670
www.epp.cmu.edu

Cross Currents
Robert O. Becker, 1990
New York, Putnam Publishing Group

Current Switch: How to Identify & Reduce or Eliminate Electromagnetic Pollution in the Home
The Wary Canary Bookshelf, Dept. EMF
PO 2204, Fort Collins, CO 80522
(303) 224-0083
Video